African Americans remain the least healthy ethnic group in the USA, a somber legacy of years of racial and social injustice and a formidable challenge to equitable health care for all. Incarceration and mental health care issues are highlighted as priorities to be addressed.
The mechanisms through which social determinants, including racism, exert their deleterious effects on black health are discussed at the macro and individual levels. We discuss the main social determinants of health and main health disparities, risk factors, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and access to health services for blacks in the USA.
Using a modified social ecological model, we conducted a review of the literature and nationwide statistics on African American health.
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